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"System Mass Integrating Time & Height" © (SMITH) where Performance = Control ©.
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In my book, it was necessary to refer to Apollo 8 & Apollo 13. Interestingly, Captain James Lovell was the Command Module Pilot on Apollo 8 & the mission commander of Apollo 13. What does this have to do with high density altitude or high altitude airports?! You will be amazed at how
NASA contributes to "understanding" from what you read & "see" in my book.
My book is categorized on various sites under Physics > Mechanics > Dynamics or Science > Dynamics > Aerodynamics. If I had it my way, it would be listed as Statistical > Inferential > Ratio > Interval > Ordinal > Nominal! Don't let this frighten you because all this means is someone took the time to digest & interpret the reams of data available. This means the necessity for real time decision making & judgment!
Its purpose for you would be Education > Safety > Professionalism! My point?! I mentioned the Apollo Saturn V Launch Vehicle earlier; the brainchild of Dr. Werner Von Braun. It "nominally" lifts off "in atmosphere" as a Boeing S1C stage. After 2 1/2 minutes & at an altitude of 34 nautical miles (63 km), staging occurs as an "ordinal" (five lower thrust engines suggesting "ranking") McDonnell Douglas SII burn. The SII cutoff occurs about 6 minutes later & is 800 nautical miles (1,482 km) downrange.
The third stage is a North American Rockwell SIVB stage (single engine flight, an "interval") that results in a "parking orbit" at a nice even "interval" number right out of the flight manual! 1,400 nautical miles (2,593 km) downrange, altitude 103 nm (190.75 km) a mere eleven and a half (11 1/2) minutes after liftoff! Distance, acceleration & time are essential considerations for the high density altitude pilot or astronaut!
Ratio level decision making is frequent and ongoing beginning with the go/no go decision for trans lunar injection ("TLI"). A true "zero" point is visible and apparent! Look at the graphs now on this website, and ask yourself if you see a true zero depiction? If you do, this is the highest level of measurement!
All of these events required switching, highspeed data transfer [ultimately giving us the internet! (via telemetry)] all controlled by an IBM™/MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) "Instrumentation Ring." Modernly, attitude displays are inertially derived & thrust levels set by autothrottling. Fuel savings can be achieved via autopilot coupling & flight director integration with a current Jeppesen™ data base flight management system (FMS). Thank you Apollo!
This is the ultimate "density altitude" problem that resulted in a payload delivery of a Grumman Lunar Lander & the required flight crew to go to the moon. We learned a lot about the earth because of the return of lunar rocks and soil samples. Do you want to touch a real moon rock? Just go to the NASA Space Museum located at the Johnson Space Center (Houston, Texas).
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Fostering new generations of highly-skilled scientists and engineers is critically important to the aeronautics community. The Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD), as part of its commitment to mastering the core competencies of aeronautics in all flight regimes, is restructuring its education program, including focusing investments in
education. NASA scientists and engineers develop and use rich databases of information, unique analytical tools, and their singular expertise to close the gap between empirical and abstract knowledge to improve vehicle and air system safety and performance.
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Here, the Captain directed me to "Set Takeoff Thrust," I responded, "N2 Stabilized, Takeoff Thrust Set." Airliners always have "other reliable information" weight sensitive to the aircraft structure, obstacles and climb gradient. Shouldn't you?!
Bernoulli, Leibnitz & Newton do not care whether you are operating a small GA aircraft or the space shuttle, the basic laws relating mass & motion are what needs to be understood. On every flight, you have a swiss-italian scientist, a German mathematician/theologian & Sir Isaac Newton (a prominent astronomer) onboard! You are now with distinguished company on your next takeoff!
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This is a reference that has merit as "Other Reliable Information," mentioned in 14 CFR Part 91 Section 103. Pilots have an important stake in promoting general aviation takeoff safety. Your input would also be welcome by way of contacting:
NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER
Grants Officer
MS/126
Hampton, VA 23681-0001
Donna.L.Jones@NASA.GOV
General Aviation NASA depends upon the private sector -- industry, educational institutions and other nonprofit organizations -- for the greater part of its research needs. Therefore, NASA encourages the submission of unique and innovative unsolicited proposals which will further the Agency's mission.
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